On October 15, 1938, Nigeria was graced with the birth of Fela Ransome Kuti, (Fela Kuti) one of the nation’s most iconic musicians. Born into a middle-class family in Abeokuta, the capital of Ogun State, Fela’s life and career would be marked by his profound cultural and political impact. In 1978, he renounced his middle name “Ransome,” deeming it a remnant of colonial enslavement, and adopted “Anikulapo” (meaning “he who carries death in his pouch”) to affirm his African heritage.
Fela’s family was notably influential; his mother, Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti, was a pioneering feminist and political activist, earning the title “Mother of Africa” for her tireless advocacy for women’s voting rights in Nigeria. His father, Reverend Israel Oludotun Ransome-Kuti, was a respected school principal and Anglican minister known for his leadership in the Nigeria Union of Teachers. The University of Ibadan honoured his contributions by naming a hall after him: Kuti Hall.
Growing up, Fela was surrounded by excellence and activism, with his brothers, Olikoye and Beko Ransome-Kuti, gaining international recognition as medical doctors and human rights activists. Olikoye served as Health Minister and announced Nigeria’s first HIV/AIDS case, while Beko founded the Campaign for Democracy, challenging General Sani Abacha’s regime.
Fela Kuti’s musical journey was transformative, giving birth to Afrobeat—a rich blend of Jazz, Funk, Ghanaian/Nigerian High-life, psychedelic rock, and traditional West African rhythms. This genre showcased Fela’s innovative fusion of African-American and African musical styles and served as a platform for his political and social activism. Managed by Rikki Stein, a British music executive, from 1983 until Fela died in 1997, his legacy was cemented through his profound messages and musical prowess.
Kuti established the Kalakuta Republic, a communal haven that doubled as a recording studio, and his nightclub, the Shrine, became the epicentres of his musical and political activities. His lyrics, primarily in Pidgin English and Yoruba, tackled injustice, freedom, and corruption, resonating deeply with the Nigerian populace and Africans. Fela’s choice to sing in Pidgin English was a strategic effort to ensure his music’s accessibility across the continent’s diverse linguistic landscape.
Throughout his career, Fela released over 200 songs, with hits like ‘Zombie’, ‘Water no Get Enemy’, and ‘Beast of no Nation’ becoming anthems of resistance and empowerment. Known for his extravagant performances and charismatic showmanship, Fela’s music was not just entertainment but a call to action. He believed music should evoke a physical and emotional response, aspiring to inspire change and provoke thought among his listeners.
Fela Kuti’s legacy as the father of Afrobeat and a cultural icon continues to influence and inspire generations. His life’s work remains a testament to the power of music as a tool for social change and the enduring spirit of African resilience and creativity.
The Political Voice of Afrobeat
Fela Kuti was an outspoken figure whose music deeply resonated with the essence of Africanism—politically, culturally, socially, and economically. He perceived Africa as descending into an abyss, plagued by inflation, corruption, mismanagement, theft, and austerity measures. Fela criticised the irony of a government that was presumed to serve the people’s interest yet acted contrary to this belief. He famously derided the Nigerian political system as “democrazy,” a far cry from the intended people-oriented democracy. A pivotal concern for Fela, as emphasised in his song “Teacher, Don’t Teach Me Nonsense,” was the flawed electioneering process in Nigeria—a malpractice from which the country has yet to recover fully.
The Nigerian elections of 2019 exemplified massive rigging, voter intimidation, and the perplexing emergence of disproportionately large vote counts for certain parties. Such practices have led to widespread voter apathy, with many Nigerians feeling that their votes do not count. Fela foresaw these issues and vocally warned against them, but his cautions seemed unheard or disregarded. He also criticised international influences, accusing Western entities of failing to hold Nigerian leaders accountable and, by extension, contributing to the country’s struggles.
A Decline in Civilization
Fela predicted the decline of African civilisation, attributing it to the duplicity of African leaders who, in his view, were akin to “animals in human skins.” According to Fela, this decline resulted from the leaders’ inability to adapt to modern trends and the general populace’s failure to demand accountability. In his song “Beasts of No Nation,” he admonished several state institutions—such as the police, judiciary, and military—for undermining societal development. The current landscape, characterised by military violence and political manipulation of the judiciary, underscores the urgency of reevaluating institutional priorities and strategies.
A reorientation towards innovation and technology is imperative for Africa to reverse its fortunes. Yet, the continent often focuses on peripheral issues while neglecting those directly impacting its people’s welfare. Fela’s critique extends to the global stage, questioning the priorities and effectiveness of African institutions in the face of rapid global changes.
Fela’s Political Ambitions and Legacy
In 1983, Fela announced his candidacy for the presidency under the Movement of the People (MOP) banner, aiming to “clean up society like a mop.” Despite not winning the election, the subsequent military coup and continued attacks on Fela highlighted the persistent challenges he faced in his quest for justice and equality. He was accused of various crimes, from currency law violations to kidnapping and even murder—a series of charges he believed were orchestrated to silence his activism.
Decades later, Fela Kuti’s indomitable spirit and commitment to social justice continue to inspire. His critique of electoral malpractice, societal decay, and the accountability of African leaders remains as relevant today as it was during his lifetime. Through his music and activism, Fela shaped the sound of Afrobeat and carved out a legacy as a fearless champion of the oppressed and a visionary critic of systemic failures. His enduring message is a clarion call for change, accountability, and a more equitable society across Africa and beyond.
Fela Kuti’s life was rich with complexities and contradictions, making him a figure of immense interest and influence beyond music. Known for his charismatic presence and uncompromising political stances, Fela’s actions and beliefs left an indelible mark on the world, challenging societal norms and advocating for social justice.
The Unconventional Life
Fela’s personal life was as unconventional as his music was revolutionary. On February 18, 1978, he made headlines by marrying 27 women, all members of his band’s female entourage, in a single ceremony. This act, officiated by a Yoruba priest, symbolised Fela’s commitment to African traditions and his defiance of Western norms.
Before his transformative visit to the USA, Fela abstained from alcohol and tobacco. However, influenced by encounters in America, he embraced marijuana, viewing it as a natural gift and a right of humanity. This change marked the beginning of frequent clashes with Nigerian authorities, culminating in Fela’s public defiance against the director of the Anti-Drug Squad, where he openly admitted to marijuana use, framing it as a divine privilege.
Persecution and Resistance
Fela’s outspokenness was not without severe repercussions. In 1977, an egregious act of state violence was perpetrated against him when 1,000 Nigerian soldiers attacked his Kalakuta compound. Fela suffered grave injuries, and his 82-year-old mother was fatally harmed, a tragedy that left a permanent scar on Fela and his legacy. The assault, which also destroyed his studio, master tapes, and instruments, epitomised the government’s ruthless attempts to silence him.
Legacy Beyond Death
Fela Kuti passed away on August 2, 1997, from AIDS-related complications, but his departure was not the end of his influence. Approximately a million people participated in his funeral procession, a testament to his profound impact on Nigerian society and the global music scene. After his death, his home and revolutionary headquarters were transformed into the Kalakuta Museum, preserving his legacy and inspiring future generations.
Felabration: Honoring the Legend
The annual Felabration festival commemorates Fela’s life, music, and political activism, attracting millions of fans and music enthusiasts from around the globe. This celebration underscores the enduring relevance of Fela’s message and the universal appeal of his music.
The Enduring Prophet
Today, Fela is revered not just as a musical genius but also as a visionary and a symbol of resistance. His critique of government malfeasance and advocacy for social change resonate with many who see him as a prophetic figure. While many artists have aspired to follow in his footsteps, Fela’s unique blend of artistry, activism, and authenticity remains unmatched.
Fela’s contributions extend beyond music; his relentless pursuit of truth and justice challenged the power structures of his time. As Tejumola Olaniyan succinctly noted, Fela’s most significant political effect was his ability to detach truth from state hegemony, asserting the power of the individual voice against oppressive systems.
A Lasting Emblem of African Pride
Fela Kuti remains a symbol of African resilience, creativity, and defiance. His protest music not only highlighted the immediate social issues of his time but also offered a visionary message for the future. As an emblem of what music can achieve in the fight for freedom and justice, Fela’s legacy inspires and challenges us, reminding us of the transformative power of art in society. His story is not just one of musical innovation but a call to action for equity, accountability, and a more just society, echoing across Africa and beyond.